Middle Ages And Renaissance Era - 1081 Words

Middle Ages and Renaissance Era The Middle Ages were not known for their choice in government, ways of living, or their views on the Church. Rather, they were known for making the best of what was given to the, which was music. During the early Middle Ages, peasants stayed bound to the land they were given, but had to depend on landlords for protection. Also, many social bonds were ties of kinship, which lead to the emergence of feudalism among the warrior aristocracy (The Middle Ages: Feudal Life, 2013). By the high and late Middle ages, most people were beginning to do things on their own such as go on their own quest to find themselves, to looking at what other options other than the Christian Church were out there. However, the Church still played a huge role in the Middle Ages as the only universal European institution. They saw themselves as the spiritual community of the Christian believers that were in exile, awaiting for their day of deliverance by God (The Middle Ages: Feudal Life, 2013). During the rise of the church, the Catholic Church became a dominant form of worship, and made sacred the most used form of music. This began the Gregorian chant, and then was developed into polyphonic music called organum that was performed in the twelfth century in Notre Dame. Continuing with the expansion of wider varieties of music, secular music was created, and then culminated with sacred music for the very first time by one of the most influential composers of theShow MoreRelatedThe Bridge Between The Middle Ages And The Renaissance Era Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pages History is a vast ocean of time and regions, yet some are seen as more influential than others.The Renaissance can be described as an era in which science and culture mixed, therefore creating waves of innovation that rippled throughout the entire planet. In the 14th century, Rome had long fallen, and centuries of Christianity had taken Europe. Crusades were led across vast regions, as well traders traveling to the east and discovering new goods to sell and trade.This began exploration into otherRead More Differentiating the Renaissance Period and Middle Ages Era in Europe1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance was a time of change and prosperity. The decision was made depending on the difference of two eras. Unlike the Renaissance, the Middle Ages were a thousand years of ignorance and superstition. The Renaissance men were leaders in an era of rebirth and learning looked to the Ancient Greeks and Romans for models of advance. Many historians felt that the Middle Ages and the Re naissance were one era. The debate centers around whether the Renaissance was a unique age or a continuation ofRead MoreEssay about The Renaissance as a Distinct Period of Time650 Words   |  3 PagesThe Middle Ages was a time in history where everyone was faithful to religion as well as others. Also, in the Middle Ages, people were encouraged to always try their best; they were encouraged to strive for the highest achievement possible and to never give up. The Renaissance, however, was more focused on becoming matured and finding a way to be successful at everything one does. During this era, people strived to become all-sided men, also known as; renaissance men. This means they are not onlyRead MoreArt in the Middle Ages and The Renaissance and Its Effect in Society1017 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod also referred to as the Middle Ages was the period of time between the demise of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance era; this was the period from the 5th century to the 17th century in Europe. During this time, society conformed to the feudal system which was based on the hierarchy approach which upper class had control over the lower class. Included in this class structure were kings, lords, neighboring kings, peasants and church leaders. In the Middle Ages, art evolves as humans continueRead MoreHistorical And Philosophical Movement Of The Renaissance1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe renaissance became a historical movement that marked the beginning of individualism and modernity through the unification of philosophers, artists, writers, and poets. Although it has no fixed beginning, most theories placed the beginning era in the early 14th century. The renaissance profoundly affected European Intellectual life through the introduction of different perspectives, ideas, innovations, literature, art, science, religion among many other aspects that continue to shape modern philosophyRead MoreHow The Renaissance Changed Man s View Of Man952 Words   |  4 PagesHow the renaissance changed man’s view of Man The renaissance changed Man’s view of the world and his place in it permanently. To know how it did just read this article it will talk about how artwork changed how the church lost its followers and much more.article. During the RenaissanceRenaissance, people of all cultural groups started to use their unique skills as a way of understanding innovative forms of politics, social reforms, and thinking. This new attitude started to form aRead MoreFinal Paper1445 Words   |  6 Pagesbe looked is from the Renaissance Era. Da Vinci’s â€Å"Mona Lisa†(c. 1519) a painting that is known around the world, which has been known to cause skepticism as to who is this woman. Did she really exist? Or is this merely a self-portrait that Da Vinci was able to show his private devotion for the female form? The second piece of artwork that will be discussed is from The Middle Ages. Antonio Veneziano’s â€Å"Virgin and Child†(c. 1380) both pieces of art work stem from different eras but share many commonalitiesRead MoreHistory Of Music Has Been Around For Many Years1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough several different time periods. They are (in chronological order): The Middle Ages, The Renaissance, The Baroque Age, The Classical Period, The Romantic Era, and The Twentieth Century (Sherrane, Music History 102). The Middle Ages The Middle Age’s time period was from about 500 A.D. to 1400 A.D. The domination of the Catholic Church during this period led to sacred music being the most prevalent (Ipl2, The Middle Ages). Some of the instruments used in this period consisted of guitars, whichRead MoreItalian Renaissance Italy Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesIn Renaissance Italy, new attitudes and a â€Å"new conception of life itself† emerged, deeply contrasting the attitudes and ideals of the previous Middle Ages. The Italian Renaissance, which occurred during the fourteenth and fifteenth century, was a complete â€Å"rebirth† of Greco-Roman culture and values. Subsequently, it marked an era of great erudition and broad-mindedness, wherein Italians discovered a profound admiration for artistry and philosophical reasoning, leading to a monumental political, scientificRead MoreThe Renaissance Era Was A Prosperous Time For Art From1359 Words   |  6 Pages The Renaissance era was a prosp erous time for art from the 15th century to 17th century. Europe had reached the end of the middle ages. The middle age is often defined by characteristics such as martial order and absolute hierarchy. European countries did not thrive in terms of technology nor have any advancements in terms of the economy either. The Renaissance period which came after the middle age completely contrasts its preceding era. A new philosophy that later on came to be known as ‘humanism’

Hemingway s Secret Autobiography Symbols - 1398 Words

James Wang Ms. D. Phillips English 9H 6 October 2015 Hemingway’s Secret Autobiography Symbols. Since the origins of organized society, mankind’s imagination has implanted deeper, figurative connotations in the simplest of objects. The dawn of Christianity saw to the introduction of one of the most impactful symbols to this day: Jesus of Nazareth s Cross. The Cross to this day embodies both the physical representation of the values of Christianity, all the while being a tangible token of atonement. Since the origins of classical literature, mankind has given the lines and scratches on a piece of paper, substance and gravity. The most read and most widely distributed written text is the Bible, a compilation of holy scriptures, where†¦show more content†¦Hemingway relays shrewdly shrouded a personal story by representing the key aspects of his life with lions, sharks, and the sea. Lions, although seemingly shallow in meaning and minor in importance, suggests deeper ties not only with the elderly protagonist, Santiag o, but to the author himself. At first glance, the lions are but mere dreams and glimpses of Santiago’s glorious and extravagant past. With a more perceptive eye, the lions begin to exhibit the desirable qualities the old man yearns for - youth, courage, strength, and prominence. Ancient civilizations regarded lions as as the physical manifestations of such qualities, and even worshipped these creatures in hopes of being blessed with their traits. The lions of Santiago’s life, the livelihood and source of motivation, are none other than Manolin and Santiago’s own youthful self. Hemingway hints this analogy as he expounds on the dreamt lions: â€Å"[The lions] played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy† (Hemingway 25). The boy, vaguely presented to The frequent dreams and dependence on Manolin are, as Hemingway revealed, the source of faith that â€Å"keeps [him] alive† (Hemingway 106). The dreams of the lions are gatew ays, reminding Santiago of his former grandeur; Manolin, his successor and youthful parallel. Despite this implication, at even closer scrutiny, the lions begin to represent pride. The group of lions on the

UCR vs. NIBRS free essay sample

Statistics is the foundation for the criminal justice system as a field of research and scientific study. It allows for the expansion of information both in criminology and the criminal justice system itself. Crime is mostly a sociological response to various factors. Research tests these theories against several factors to provide us with a basis of knowledge and information that helps us understand the where, when, why, and how of crime including the system that is designed to control it. This research cannot be conducted without the statistics compiled, analyzed, and reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI). In order for research to be accurate, the data used must also be accurate. Guidelines and regulations have been put into place to ensure the quality and accuracy of the data released. In order to keep up with the ever changing varieties of crime in the US, the data has become more specific and evolved into even greater detailed data sets to more accurately pinpoint causes of crime and high risk areas. We will write a custom essay sample on UCR vs. NIBRS or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper will discuss the two main resources of crime related data, how they compare, and their contribution to criminal justice research and the study of criminology. Introduction In 1929, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), developed a Committee to design a system for the collection of crime statistics. This Committee defined the criminal offenses known to policing and set up a database to determine the number of arrests and non-arrests for each incident, the seriousness of the offense, how often it occurred, where such incidents took place, and the likelihood of the crime being reported, and called this Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR). Due to the differences in the way similar offenses were categorized in different states, the Committee standardized definitions for the seven crimes they determined would be reported on a national basis by which they instructed the agencies involved to report their data. Subsequently, a manual was published that specified the uniformed definitions for crimes which were categorized as Part I and Part II and the procedures required for submitting the statistics for these categories. In 1930, Congress followed up with legislation authorizing the gathering of crime data which was ultimately spearheaded by the FBI who became the clearinghouse of crime statistics. This began the much needed statistically database system that allows crime trends to be analyzed, studied, and researched and important data regarding this information released to the general public. However, in order to continue accurate reporting, the UCR has made modifications, changes, and additions to its original format. In 1952, data regarding race, sex, and age of offenders and the victims was add and made available by 1962. In 1978, Congress added arson to the categories of offenses studied which was added permanently to the UCR in 1982. In 1990, bias or racially motivated crimes were recorded along with the specific reason for the offenders prejudice which included sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion, and late, physical and mental disabilities. Further, in response to the rise in gang violence, these incidents were added to the data collection in 1993. Lastly, in 2008 information regarding human trafficking and prostitution offenses were required to be reported. Despite all of these changes and additions in order to change with the trends of criminology and get a better picture of the crime affecting our country, there are many critics of the UCR and its reliability and validity. Although the primary objective was to provide reliable and accurate statistical data for law enforcement agencies to properly and effectively operate and manage their agencies, critics constantly point out the flaws of the UCR even though they use the data provided in their research. Therefore, the FBI has come up with a new, arguably improved, and more detailed reporting system known as the National Incident-Base Reporting System (NIBRS) But the questions remain, is NIBRS really more reliable than UCR, does it provide a more accurate reporting system, and how does this affect criminal justice research? Literature Review Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Statistical data provided by the agencies involved is reporting to the UCR is imparative for criminal justice research. These agencies voluntarily provide information based on the legislative reporting requirements and guidelines set forth for reporting of crime data. The data received from the agencies is reviewed by FBI staff to ensure its compliance with the reporting guidelines and regulations and for accuracy and reliability. It is then entered into a national database which is subsequently distributed by the FBI in various media forms and publications. There are three units that are involved in the management of the UCR program and they are the Crime Statistics Management Unit(CSMU), the Criminal Justice Information Services Audit Unit, and the Multimedia Productions Group. Specific data collections  can be requested in order to receive a specific set of data specific to your research design. To ensure quality in the data provided there are several procedures followed by the FBI. The CSMU staff is responsible for the initial review of the data that is received to ensure that it complies with the UCR policy, definitions, principles, and consistency of methodology established for statistical analysis and data collection. If there are errors in the information, the submitting agencies are contacted for clarifications or changes. Once these initial processes are complete, this unit then looks for logical consistency, reasonableness, sound estimation methodologies, monetary submission standards for property crimes, and other editing functions. The next step is the Criminal Justice Information Services Audit Unit who uses Quality Assurance Reviews (QARs) every three years to ensure the state agency is following proper UCR guidelines. The purpose of QARs is to: â€Å"Ensure that agencies data are compatible with UCR standards. Identify strengths and weaknesses in an agencys reporting methods, thereby helping the agency to improve the accuracy of its crime data. Assess the validity of an agencys crime statistics. Assist agencies through feedback and identification of UCR records management needs. † (FBI, 2014) This 5 step process concludes the accuracy and reliability testing. In order to provide uniformity in reporting, the FBI trains the various reporting agencies in the data collection process, definitions, and how to report this information once compiled. There is a specialized support team that can be consulted should any questionable situation arise. This goes a long way in ensuring that the data reported is done so in the same manner across the board in an effort to provide the most reliable of statistics. When the information is released to the public,all documentation regarding how the data was collected, the methodology used, variables considered, and the tables and charts used to come up with the results of each study can be requested and is supplied to provide transparency. However, this rigorous review process is not without fault. The use of the â€Å"Hierarchy Rule† in which only the highest scoring crime was reported in a multiple offense situation left many crimes essentially unreported. Further, researchers have consistently criticized the UCR for its inability to provide valid information that can be used as a reliable indicator of criminal trends and behaviors. The major issues were: 1. â€Å"The procedures and definitions are not consistent across agencies. 2. Many crimes are not included because citizens do not report them to the police and the likelihood of citizen reporting varies in systematic ways. 3. The police are selective in reporting crime and this filtering process is biased (not constant across social groups or areas). 4. Some agencies do not report or report incompletely, and missing data are poorly documented. 5. The major data collections do not provide information on the characteristics of offenders (such as age, race, and gender), and these must be inferred from arrest data. 6. The UCR is not a statistical program in the usual sense of the term. Rather, it is a â€Å"house organ† of the police (Lejins 1966, 1016) and reflects the organizational interests of agencies that may use the data to further those interests. † (Loftin and McDowall, 2010) With these discrepancies in mind, while UCR data is in no way the most perfect of sources, it was the only source of criminal justice trends and behavior for quite some time. Researchers were consistent in their use of the data provided, while maintaining claims that the information may be skewed. Yet, the value of UCR data could be determined by coming it to surveys of victimization and offending, incident of crime surveys, and self-reporting studies. Time provided more insight into the value of UCR data, specifically when the raw data was made available and there was less possibility for researchers to manipulate the findings. This paved the way for more detailed studies on data quality issues. (Loftin and McDowall, 2010) In response, it was determined that a more detailed data system needed to be put in place to make up for the shortcomings of the UCR Summary System. This lead to the development of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in March 1988. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) The goal of NIBRS is to â€Å"enhance the quantity, quality, and timeliness of crime data collection and to improve the methodology used in compiling, analyzing, auditing, and publishing the collected crime statistics†. (Rantala and Edwards, 2000) Rather than follow a more summary based system of data collection, NIBRS is designed to suit the needs of the agency using it. While the collection of data and method of reporting remains the same, NIBRS compiles information from each single crime incident. This provides for a more accurate of a picture of criminal behavior, specifically when more than one crime occurs at a single incident. NIBRS requires extensive data collection of 46 Group A crimes and arrest data on an additional 11 Group B crimes. [Table 1] (Rantala and Edwards, 2000) This is far more specific and detail oriented that the UCR summary system. Benefits include the provision of information for all major current crime trends; all involved in criminal justice studies, research, and policy making have a more extensive crime data to consider; the extent and accuracy of the crime information provided by the new system better equips law enforcement agencies with the ability to request necessary resources to fight crime trends in their area; it allows agencies to find locate crime comparisons so that agencies can work together in a problem solving capacity; and, full agency participation gives a complete status of public safety in any given jurisdiction. Further, in response to the countrys war on crime, NIBRS added the Crimes Against Society category to include reports on drug offenses and terrorist activity. Lastly, crimes using computers, homicides, and 3 separate assault categories were added to the list of required information to be reported. NIBRS data systems have paved the way for new research topics to be explored, more specifically due to the difference in how crimes are classified than in UCR data. [Table 2] In-depth methodological research can be conducted which will make a large impact on the understanding of crime, criminal behavior, and crime trends in our country. NIBRS is well on its way to accomplishing its initial goals of providing a more detailed and accurate reporting system that will change the face of crime as we saw in the past. To date, because of NIBRS, new information regarding assaults, gender crime differences, and race comparisons have painted a new picture for criminal justice professionals. Conclusion Comparing the UCR summary reports and NIBRS consists of considering their â€Å"artifactual differences, non-uniform reporting practices, and reporting errors†.  (Rantala and Edwards, 2000) NIBRS expands the hotel rule and restructures specific crime definitions. The UCR utilizes the hierarchy rule. While they both count the number of incidents that occur, NIBRS includes all categories of crime involved. The UCR system is more susceptable to reporting errors whereas NIBRS is likely to experience programming errors. The bottom line is that the vast differences in both systems have caused a significant and dramatic change in the data provided for crime research and the field of criminology. However, NIBRS was also able to show that the UCR system did have its merits. The information provided by the NIBRS system when compared with UCR data only showed an average statistical change of -. 05 to 1. 5. (Rantala and Edwards, 2000) This further strengthened the validity of the UCR summary system despite the initial criticism. NIBRS has successfully enhanced criminal justice research and will continue to allow for continued advancements in the area of criminology.

Solar Panels in China

Introduction The growth of the PV industry has been on increase due to technological advancements and the support the industry has been getting from governments.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Solar Panels in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The industry has also witnessed remarkable growth occasioned by concerns on global warming. It has been projected that solar energy demand will continue to grow in China and other parts of the world (Tiwari, 200). However, the energy form has still been expensive in comparison with other forms of energy. This is because the industry has been grappling with a shortage of raw materials used in producing the energy. For instance, demand for silicon which is used in the manufacture of solar cells has been increasing. Background China has plans of developing large amounts of hydropower, wind power, biomass and solar photovoltaic by 2020. In order to accomplish this mission, the country requires at least 267 billion USD for it to invest in renewable energy sources. Investment in renewable energies such as biofuels and wind energy has been slowed down by concerns of global warming. China has projected that by 2020, an estimated $ 40 billion would have been invested in solar energy. As part of the plans to have enough energy, the country has embarked on the use of solar energy. Analysis The gross domestic product in china has been growing significantly thus stabilizing the country’s economic forecasts. As a result of this increased economic growth, the country’s demand for energy has been increasing thus prompting the government to come up with renewable sources of energy. Due to the popularity of solar energy and its domination in the world market, it has been the most appropriate option for the country. This has led to stiff competition among several companies providing solar energy in the country.Advertising Looking for res earch paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, in 2007 four Chinese companies paved their way into the market and made huge profits. In 2006, two more companies had raised more than $ 500 million after joining the list. These companies have been attracting investors since their prices have been lower than the prices offered by Western manufacturers (China solar, 2004). The Chinese government has taken important measures in improving the environmental condition of the country. New laws on renewable energy sources have been enacted to emphasize on cleaner energy technologies. The country has a target of raising the number of people who use renewable energy to 16% by 2020. The new law has various stipulations that should be followed by the companies involved. To begin with, the energy authorities have been mandated to implement and manage renewable energy development. Secondly, the government establi shes a renewable energy development that provides support including financial support to the relevant industries. Thirdly, the government has been involved in setting the prices of renewable energy and supporting the generation of grid-connected renewable energy Due to the sustainability of sola energy in china and its advantages over other alternative sources of energy, the Chinese government has embarked on constructing resource efficient villages.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Solar Panels in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The largest portion of domestic PV market in china which constitutes more than 40 % is rural electrification. The program aims at making electricity accessible to more than 20 million Chinese who live in 20000 rural villages. 10 million people out of the 20 million are residents of the Western provinces. The rural electrification program impacts millions of people living in rural areas by empowering them through access to energy. As a result, solar energy has been one of the most common and widely used renewable energy n China . Argument Against Despite the widespread use and popularity of solar energy in China, there has been a negative side of the renewable energy resource. Constraints in the supply of silicon have remained one of the most challenging hurdles. The silicon market has been so tight thus creating a disadvantage for a large number of players who have been unable to secure feedstock supplies. The downside has been particularly experienced by the small scale solar dealers who have not succeeded in getting silicon supplies. This has led to lower rates of utilization, lower profits, and unmet growth plans. Domestic polysilicon producers also have been facing problems such as less beneficial technology which uses 2-3 times the energy used in production of an equal amount of raw material than its oversees peers do. Domestic polysilicon manu facturers have also been smaller in size when compared with the international players, something that has made it difficult for them to leverage the economic scales.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Initially, the overseas competitors were reluctant to transfer the knowledge to Chinese natives forcing the domestic enterprises to employ a high degree of innovation and independence in their work (Source guide, 2012). Announcements have been made by companies with emerging technologies or commercial ambitions expressing their interest to venture in polysiliscon manufacturing. However, such ventures have been faced by commercial, technology, safety and environmental risks. The commercial risk is that there has been a high degree of competition from famous and well known producers who have been in the business for long. The technology risk comes in due to the presence of the well established and fully characterized Siemens which has been operating in the country. There has also been a safety risk in that most of the intermediate gaseous chemicals used in the production of silicon can result into a spontaneous fire when in contact with air. This is something that has caused fatal acc idents in the past. Finally, there has been the environmental risk in that although production of silicon has been for green products, chances of pollution are also possible . Despite the fact that China has been capitalizing on the lucrative IPO and the heavy investment, the market has been criticized of fatigue, especially at the mid heading downstream, while companies that have not been listed have found it difficult to differentiate themselves. This has been recently indicated by the poor performance of some of the stock prices for the enterprises. However, it has been said that the market is yet to be exhausted since some Chinese silicon manufacturers are yet to join the market. Recently, the grid companies have not been showing quick response to solar energy owing to its high cost. Alternatively, wind power has remained popular and a stronger substitute. The domestic market will not receive sufficient stimulation unless there is reduction in the cost and favorable subsidies pr ovided. Conclusion Solar energy is a green trend that has found popularity in Chinese market in recent days. The rapid economic growth in the country has increased power requirements prompting companies to look for ways of investing in alternative sources of energy. Solar energy has been highly preferred because of its environmental friendliness as opposed to other forms of energy. The country has since embarked on projects of spreading the energy form to rural areas through rural electrification. However, there have been concerns that solar energy is still very expensive when compared with other energy forms such as wind energy. As a result, more attention has remained on the other energy forms that are considered cheaper. References China solar. (2004). China Solar Energy. Retrieved from http://www.chinasolarenergy.com/ NBSC. (2012). National Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/ Solway, A. (2009). Renewable Energy Sources. New York: Heinemann/Raintree. Sourc e guide. (2012). The Source for Renewable Energy. Retrieved from http://www.sourceguides.com/ Tiwari, G. (2009). Solar energy technology advances. New York: Nova Publishers. Zheng, S. (2006). Solar Energy in China. Retrieved from http://www.ceibs.edu/ This research paper on Solar Panels in China was written and submitted by user ElloeKaifi to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

John Duffy Railway Rapist Essay Example

John Duffy Railway Rapist Paper Offender profiling is a general term that has no accepted definition and varies in its use between the USA and the UK. It is based on three strands of expertise: statistical analysis of crime data, behavioural science, and detective expertise. Psychological profiling was in fact used in the Second World War to profile enemy leaders to see if they had weaknesses that could be exploited for example, William Langers profile of Hitler and his accurate prediction of suicide after defeat (Langer, 1972). Traditionally police collected hard evidence from the scene of a crime, such as blood, saliva and semen. Other less concrete indicators might be ignored, such as the choice of victim, what was said or not said, the location and the nature of the assault. Psychologists help police to interpret these clues. The basic assumption of offender profiling is that the offenders behaviour at the crime scene reflects something about them as a person. It leaves a psychological fingerprint, particularly where there is a pattern over a number of crimes. For example, tying up a victim suggests a need for control. The aim is to go beyond the facts and develop hypotheses about the offender. The information used includes the analysis of the crime scene, details of the victim and current knowledge about offenders from research. We will write a custom essay sample on John Duffy Railway Rapist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Duffy Railway Rapist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Duffy Railway Rapist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Holmes (1989) suggests that profiling is most useful when the crime reflects psychopathology, such as sadistic assaults. 90% of profiling is for murder or rape, but can be used for arson, burglary, and robbery. Homant and Kennedy (1998) see crime-scene profiling as including psychological profiling of offenders, geographical profiling (the area of the crime and where the offender may live) and, in the case of murder, equivocal death analysis (how the murder was committed, and a psychological autopsy of the victim). The overall aim is to look for patterns and to compare them to what is known about certain crimes and criminals. The British Approach was developed independently of the police authorities from the separate work of David Canter and Paul Britton. There is some debate about which case was the first in Britain to use profiling. Many see Paul Brittons help in the 1983 case of Paul Bostock as the first time a psychologist was used to profile the offender. This case involved two separate murders with black magic associations found near the victims. Britton gave a limited profile to the police of a young, isolated man, who had access to knives, with an obsession for black magic (what Britton called a belief dysfunction). The police eventually arrested Bostock, who was a nineteen-year-old loner, a meat factory worker, with a house full of black magic items. He did not confess to the murders, so Britton advised a line of questioning based on Bostocks fantasies, which proved fruitful. The first well-known case in Britain to involve direct help to the police in profiling came in 1986, when David Canter started to help in the case of the Railway Rapist. This case involved 24 sexual assaults near railways in North London, and three murders (between 1982 and 1986). All the crimes showed signs of having the same offender. The first attacks were rapes, which initially were thought to be the work of two offenders together. Then the pattern became clear, and with the later murders, it was definitely one man. Canter was able to analyse the details and drew up the profile. Main points of Canters profile; Lived in area near to area of first crimes. Probably lives with woman. Aged mid-to late-20s. Right-handed. Semi-skilled or skilled job with weekend work, but relatively isolated work. Knowledge of railways. Previous criminal record for violence (maybe arrested between October 1982 and January 1984). Characteristics of offender; Lived in area suggested. Recently separated from wife. Aged late 20s. Right-handed. Travelling carpenter. Worked for British Rail. Raped wife at knife point. David Canter (1994) believes that criminals, like most people behave consistently. An analysis of the pattern of behaviour observed over a number of crimes committed by a serial offender will give clues about the non-offending everyday behaviour of the criminal. We all operate within a social context and so Canter believes that offences are not separate behaviours from the rest of the offenders life but rather are directly linked to their everyday interactions. Interviews with victims about things that were said at the time of the crime could give an indication of how the criminal normally interacts with others. For example, a rapist who is hesitant and apologetic to his victim could well be committing the rape because he does not know how to go about forming a genuine close relationship with a woman in his everyday life. The British approach involves advising police officers about correlations between sets of data, such as time, place and choice of victim. Canter identified five characteristics which, they believe can aid investigations Residential Location Criminal Biography Domestic/Social Characteristics Personal Characteristics Occupational/Educational History Canter believes that during the crime vital clues are left behind and the distinctive personality of the offender shows through in some ways. Thus, it is thought that the way in which the crime is committed is in part a reflection of the everyday traits and behaviour of the individual. The interaction between the offender and the victim is thus studied closely and categorised. Canter believes that by this careful study of offence behaviour, patterns can be established and variations between offenders identified. However unlike the FBI approach, Canter does not attempt to place offenders into rigid typologies, but rather suggests that their behaviour will mirror other aspects of their day-to-day life. Canter (1994) describes his task as picking from the shadows left by the criminals, those consistent patterns in behaviour. What happens during the offence can give clues to the non-offending parts of their lives. There will also be evidence from the interaction between the victim and the offender because we are social beings even in such unusual situations. For example, murderers who kill a stranger without any interaction are likely to live a solitary life (Canter, 1989). Other important factors may be the choice of victim, location, nature of the crime and what is/isnt said, and forensic awareness of the offender, like rapists who force victims to bathe after the attack to remove any evidence of pubic hairs. One aspect of profiling that is often overlooked is the methodological collection of data and statistical analysis. Often the profiler is no more than a glorified statistician. Canter and Heritage (1990) combed through the victim statements of 66 UK sexual assaults and with sophisticated statistics were able to identify clear patterns in the form of the attack. It is possible to group how the victim is treated in three ways, each giving a clue to the offender. Victim as person involving conversation during the attack asking whether the woman has a boyfriend, or complimenting her on her appearance. This type of offender believes he is developing some type of relationship with the victim, and mistakenly believes, the sexual assault produces intimacy. Victim as object blindfolding and/or gagging the victim, while the offender tends to be disguised. The offender is concerned most with control in the interaction of the rape. The woman is seen as a dangerous object that must be trussed and coerced (Canter, 1994). Victim as vehicle violence (both physical and verbal), which demeans the victim. The actions here are a reflection of the offenders anger. This emphasis on statistical patterns has led to the creation of a database called CATCHEM (Central Analytical Team Collating Homicide Expertise and Management). The database contains details of over 4,000 child murders, which allows police officers to make statistical predictions about the killer. For example, 62% of killers of females under seventeen are single, but 83% if the victim is male and under sixteen. If the childs body is found without sexual interference, there is around a 70% likelihood that the killer is the guardian or parent, but when there is sexual interference, this figure drops to 1% -2 % (Murder in Mind, 1993). In the UK there seems to have been some resistance to profiling by the police because psychologists have been viewed as outsiders and not being able to offer anything more than what a could practitioner (eg, detective) could. Geberth (1983) feels that experts have very little to say compared with what experienced police officers are likely to work out for themselves. Holmes (1989) reports that out of 192 offender In the UK the ability of profiling to accurately identify a culprit is felt to be limited. Copson and Holloway (1997) in a survey found that detectives felt that profiling led to the identification of the offender in only 2.7% of cases and helped to solve 16% of cases. Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) attempted to discover whether professional profilers would be more accurate than detectives, clinical psychologists and students. They asked the participants to examine two closed police cases (a sex offence and a murder) and to draw up profiles. What they found was that the profilers did indeed produce richer and more detailed profiles and in relation to the sex offence, they were more accurate than non-profilers, but the detectives were more accurate on the murder case. Pinizzotto and Finkel concluded that the success of the profilers was the result of both confidence and experience rather than the use of an exclusive technique. The implications would therefore be that both training and practical experience are vital in developing profiling expertise and that productive liaison between the police and psychologists is the way forward in order to achieve both investigative and clinical objectives. There are a number of misconceptions about profiling, usually based on its fictional use and psycho-dynamic portraits of politicians. Rarely does profiling provide the specific identity of the offender, and this is not its purpose. The aim is to narrow the field of the investigation and suggest the type of person who committed the crime (Douglas et al, 1986). The profile report will try to establish the gender, approximate age, marital status, educational level and details of possible occupation of the offender. There may be suggestions of whether this person has a previous police record and if another offence is likely. Whether profiling is effective or not is a key question, and historically there are famous successes and failures. One of the best-known failures in America was the case of Albert DeSalvo (known as the Boston Strangler). A profile suggested the offender was a male homosexual schoolteacher living alone. When arrested, DeSalvo was found to be a heterosexual construction worker living with his family. In the UK, the Rachel Nickell case is seen as a failure of offender profiling. Rachel Nickell was a young woman who was brutally murdered in mid-morning while walking on Wimbledon Common in south London. As part of the investigation into the killing, a profile was commissioned from a psychologist. A suspect was eventually identified and it was noted that he seemed to fit the profile well. An elaborate operation, drawing partly but not only on the profile, was put together in which a police woman befriended the socially isolated and inadequate suspect, offering the promise of an intimate re lationship in exchange for descriptions of his sexual fantasies and a confession that he murdered the woman on the Common. The confession was not forthcoming, but he was still arrested. The case fell apart. Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) argue that profiling is most effective in serial sexual offences because of the extensive research base, and least effective for fraud, burglary, robbery, theft and drug-induced crimes. Holmes (1989) feels that it is most useful when there is a psychopathology involved, such as sadistic assault. Holmes (1989) cites FBI data, which reveal that in 192 cases of profile generation in 1981, arrests were made in 88, but in only 17% of these did the profile contribute to the arrest. Others ( Oleson, 1996) point out that the seminal work of the FBI in establishing offender profiling may be methodologically flawed since no control groups were used to compare the evidence obtained from interviews with offenders and there is no mention of the statistical techniques used to analyse their data. Moreover, much of the evidence used by the FBI was simply information obtained in interviews with offenders and was accepted at face value. More recent research has made greater claims for the usefulness of offender profiling (for example, approximately 80% of cases solved were helped by offender profiling according to Canter and Heritage, 1990). In the UK, a survey of detectives in 48 police forces, who had worked with offender profiling concluded that identification of the offender came in 2.7% of cases and general help in 16% (Copson, 1995). What the survey did find was variety in the individuals who did the profiling. Those involved included clinical psychologists, forensic psychiatrists, academic psychologists, clinical psychiatrists, forensic psychologists and consultant therapists. The skill of the individual profiler determined whether the police officers were satisfied with profiling generally. Indeed the research suggests that, at this stage of the development of profiling in Britain, approaches to profiling are idiosyncratic (Copson, 1995). Britton (1997) also admits that a large number of cases continue to be solved, not by profiling, but by routine police work, or the use of forensic evidence. However we should also be aware that police officers may be reluctant to admit that outsiders have helped to solve a crime. Profiling does at least allow the police to better focus their investigations. This can be important for as Canter (1994) has noted the alternative is that the police will simply throw more and more resources at a crime in the hope that something will turn up. Nevertheless Jackson et al (1997) conclude that when profiles are considered as a separate entity, they seldom, if ever, offer enough foundation to guide an investigation in a new direction. They conclude that any profile should be accompanied by practical advice on how best to proceed with a particular investigation. We should also be aware of the danger of the self-fulfilling prophecy with respect to profiling. Detectives should bear in mind that a profile may well fit a number of people and may not be totally accurate. The fact that a suspect happens to fit the profile does not prove that they committed the offence. There may be several people who share the suspects make-up and so the police should be cautious before making a presumption of guilt. This issue is most likely to be created because psychologists will tend to work on probabilities whereas police may be more likely to operate in absolute terms of guilt and innocence. The danger is that once a person has been labelled as a suspect and brought in for questioning, the police will make a presumption of guilt and see their role as merely to elicit a confession. There is little good scientific research to which one can turn in trying to answer the question of how useful profiling is. Success or failure are not so easily measured when one is dealing with the sort of material used in profiling. If a profilers information proves to be 50% accurate and 50% inaccurate should this be counted as a success or a failure? In addition if any information provided by a profiler is used that helps in catching a criminal is this success, even if the rest of the information provided was useless? A related issue to this is that profile details may only be considered as useful if it provides a type of detail, which the police could not have reasonably deduced, for themselves.

What Happens When Presidents Are Unfit to Serve

What Happens When Presidents Are Unfit to Serve American presidents are not required to pass mental health exams or psychological and psychiatric evaluations  before taking office in the United States. But some psychologists and members of Congress have called for such mental health exams for candidates following the 2016 election of Republican Donald Trump. Even members of Trumps own administration expressed concern about his erratic behavior in office. The president described himself as a very stable genius. The idea of requiring presidential candidates to undergo mental health exams is not new, though. In the mid-1990s, former President Jimmy Carter  pushed for the creation of a panel of physicians who would routinely evaluate the most powerful politician in the free world and decide whether their judgment was clouded by a mental disability. Many people have called to my attention the continuing danger to our nation from the possibility of a U.S. president becoming disabled, particularly by a neurologic illness, Carter wrote in a December 1994 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Monitoring a Presidents Health Carters suggestion  led to the creation in 1994 of the  Working Group on Presidential Disability, whose members later proposed a nonpartisan,  standing medical commission to monitor the presidents health and issue periodic reports to the country.  Carter envisioned a panel of expert physicians who were not directly involved in the care of the president determining whether he had a disability. If the president of the United States must decide within minutes how to respond to a dire emergency, its citizens expect him or her to be mentally competent and to act wisely, wrote  Dr. James Toole, a professor of neurology at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center in North Carolina who worked with the working group. Because the presidency of the United States is now the worlds most powerful office, should its incumbent become even temporarily unable to exercise good judgment, the consequences for the world could be unimaginably far-reaching. There is currently no such standing medical commission in place, however, to observe a sitting presidents decision-making. The sole test of a candidates physical and mental fitness to serve in the White House is the rigor of the campaign trail and elector process. Mental Fitness in the Trump White House The idea of requiring presidential candidates to undergo mental health evaluations arose in the general election campaign of 2016, primarily because of Republican nominee Donald Trumps erratic behavior and  numerous incendiary comments. Trumps mental fitness became a central issue of the campaign and became more pronounced after he took office.   A member of Congress, Democrat Karen Bass of California, called for a mental-health evaluation of Trump before the election, saying the billionaire real-estate development and reality-television star exhibits signs of  Narcissistic Personality Disorder. In a petition seeking the evaluation, Bass called  Trump dangerous for our country.  His impulsiveness and lack of control over his own emotions are of concern. It is our patriotic duty to raise the question of his mental stability to be the commander in chief and leader of the free world. The petition carried no legal weight. A lawmaker from the opposing political party, Democratic Rep. Zoe Lofgren of California, introduced a resolution in the House of Representatives during Trumps first year in office encouraging the vice president and the Cabinet to hire medical and psychiatric professionals to evaluate the president. The resolution stated: â€Å"President Donald J. Trump has exhibited an alarming pattern of behavior and speech causing concern that a mental disorder may have rendered him unfit and unable to fulfill his Constitutional duties. Lofgren said she drafted the resolution in light of what she described as Trumps increasingly disturbing pattern of actions and public statements that suggest he may be mentally unfit to execute the duties required of him.† The resolution did not come up for a vote in the House. It would have sought the removal of Trump from office by employing the 25th Amendment to the  Constitution, which allows for the replacement of presidents who become physically or mentally unable to serve.   In December 2017, more than a dozen members of Congress invited a Yale University psychiatry professor, Dr. Bandy X. Lee, to evaluate Trumps behavior. The professor concluded: â€Å"He’s going to unravel, and we are seeing the signs.† Lee, speaking to Politico, described those signs as Trump â€Å"going back to conspiracy theories, denying things he has admitted before, his being drawn to violent videos. We feel that the rush of tweeting is an indication of his falling apart under stress. Trump is going to get worse and will become uncontainable with the pressures of the presidency.† Still, members of Congress did not act. Trump Declines to Make Health Records Public Some candidates have chosen to make their health records public, particularly when serious questions have been raised about their well being. The 2008 Republican presidential nominee, John McCain, did so in the face of questions about his age- he was 72 at the time- and previous ailments including skin cancer. And in the 2016 election, Trump released a letter from his physician that described the candidate as being in  extraordinary health both mentally and physically.  If elected, Mr. Trump, I can state unequivocally, will be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency, wrote Trumps doctor. Trump himself said: I am fortunate to have been blessed with great genes- both of my parents had very long and productive lives. But Trump did not release detailed records about his health. Psychiatrists Cant Diagnose Candidates The American Psychiatric Association banned its members from offering opinions about elected officials or candidates for office after 1964, when a group of them called Republican Barry Goldwater unfit for office. Wrote the association: On occasion psychiatrists are asked for an opinion about an individual who is in the light of public attention or who has disclosed information about himself/herself through public media. In such circumstances, a psychiatrist may share with the public his or her expertise about psychiatric issues in general. However, it is unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a professional opinion unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement.   The policy became known as the Goldwater Rule. Who Decides If a President Is Unfit to Serve So if theres no mechanism in place by which an independent panel of health experts is able to evaluate a sitting president, who decides when there might be a problem with his decision-making process? The president himself, which is the problem. Presidents have gone out of their way to hide their ailments from the public and, more importantly, their political enemies. Among the most notable in modern history was John F. Kennedy, who didnt let the public know about his  colitis, prostatitis, Addisons disease, and osteoporosis of the lower back. While those ailments certainly would not have precluded him from taking office, Kennedys failure reluctance to disclose the pain he suffered illustrate the lengths to which presidents go to conceal health problems. Section 3 of the 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which was ratified in 1967, allows a sitting president, members of his cabinet- or, in extraordinary circumstances, Congress- to transfer his responsibilities to his vice president until he has recovered from a mental or physical ailment. The amendment reads, in part: Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. The problem with the constitutional amendment, however, is that it relies on a president or his cabinet to determine when he is unable to perform the duties of the office. The 25th Amendment Has Been Used Before President Ronald Reagan used that power in July 1985 when he underwent treatment for colon cancer. Though he did not specifically invoke the 25th Amendment, Reagan clearly understood his transfer of power to Vice President George Bush fell under its provisions. Reagan wrote to the House speaker and Senate president: After consultation with my Counsel and the Attorney General, I am mindful of the provisions of Section 3 of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution and of the uncertainties of its application to such brief and temporary periods of incapacity. I do not believe that the drafters of this Amendment intended its application to situations such as the instant one.  Nevertheless, consistent with my longstanding arrangement with Vice President George Bush, and not intending to set a precedent binding anyone privileged to hold this Office in the future, I have determined and it is my intention and direction that Vice President George Bush shall discharge those powers and duties in my stead commencing with the administration of anesthesia to me in this instance. Reagan did not, however, transfer the power of the presidency despite evidence that later showed he might have been suffering from the initial stages of  Alzheimers.   President George W. Bush used the 25th Amendment twice to transfer powers to his vice president, Dick Cheney. Cheney served as acting president for about four hours and 45 minutes while Bush  underwent sedation for colonoscopies. Key Takeaways: When a President Is Unfit to Serve Presidents and candidates seeking election to the White House are not required to pass mental health exams or psychological and psychiatric evaluations.The 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution allows members of a presidents cabinet or Congress to remove a president from office if he is mentally or physically unable to serve. The provision has never been used to permanently remove a president from office.The 25th Amendment remained a relatively obscure provision in the Constitution until Presidential Donald Trump took office. Members of Congress and even his own administration grew concerned about his behavior. Sources Karni, Annie. â€Å"Washingtons Growing Obsession: The 25th Amendment.†Ã‚  Politico, 3 Jan. 2018.Barclay, Eliza. â€Å"The Psychiatrist Who Briefed Congress on Trumps Mental State: This Is ‘an Emergency.’†Ã‚  Vox.com, Vox Media, 6 Jan. 2018.Foiles, Jonathan. â€Å"Is Donald Trump Unfit to Be President?†Ã‚  Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, 12 Sept. 2018.

Conflict Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Conflict Management - Essay Example Individual conflict can also occur because of his different positions and roles with the organization. The individual can also create conflict within himself if there are too many ambiguities contained in his position. Therefore there are a number of reasons for conflicts, which an individual experiences within the confinement of his job duties. All conflicts are basically inter-personnel conflicts because most of the conflicts involve conflict between a person in one organization or a group and another person in other organization or a group. Inter-personnel conflict can be presented in terms of different levels of obstruction. Inter-personnel conflict may lead to delay in decision-making or may arise either due to distortion in the structure form or because of the complexity of individual needs. Inter-personnel conflict has the tendency to resolve itself because of the conflicting parties are not able to continue in a tense situation for a very long time. Time is the healing factor for interpersonal conflicts. It is the time factor, which normally helps to resolve interpersonal conflicts. In inter-organizational conflicts, the external environment like social institutions, group dynamism, and culture of the group and government policies plays an important role. Cont1icts are not evil but the art of the natural order. Conflicts are because of the generational gap. Managers must try to live with the conflict. If the conflict is properly handled, it can be constructive in achieving the results. It can act as a stimulus; it may be a challenge and motivational force to